Posts Tagged ‘Chapter 13’

Coming Soon: Chapter 13 in 13 Chapters

chapter13coverI’m pleased to announce the soon-to-be published consumer bankruptcy manual: Chapter 13 in 13 Chapters. The manual is available exclusively through the American Bankruptcy Institute.   Pre-publication orders are being accepted now.

This manual provides a comprehensive overview of the chapter 13 process from the perspective of both debtors and creditors. Everything from filing preparation and debtor education to the role of the chapter 13 trustee to the discharge of debts is covered, as well as things to consider before a case is converted and when to modify the terms of a payment plan. Written by William J. McLeod and edited by M. Regina Thomas (McCalla Raymer, LLC, Atlanta, GA), the manual provides sage advice for the chapter 13 attorney regarding the timing of the debtor’s tax filings, anticipating and addressing a debtor’s change in circumstances post-confirmation, enforcing the debtor’s rights against a creditor’s collection activity, and post-discharge actions. Heavily peppered with case citations and key excerpts from relevant sections of the Bankruptcy Code, Chapter 13 in 13 Chapters is the essential reference guide that chapter 13 attorneys should have at their fingertips to assist in their practice and to share with clients to help explain the bankruptcy process.

To pre-order, please click here.

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Mortgage Modification/Cramdown Bill Update

From Today’s Washington Post:

Days before an expected vote, Senate leaders yesterday touted their version of a proposal to allow bankruptcy judges to modify mortgages, but have yet to secure the support of the financial services industry and face fierce opposition that could derail the proposal again.

The characterization of the opposition being “fierce” is unfortunate, but it appears to be accurate:

“I hope we can muster the courage and find the votes, although I know it will be hard,” (Senate Majority Whip) Durbin (D-Ill) said on the Senate floor yesterday. Durbin has been pushing the measure for more than two years. “It’s hard to imagine that today the mortgage bankers would have clout in this chamber, but they do.”

More here.

For more on the President’s Foreclosure Prevention Plan, click here.

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Knowledge is Power, Sort of

I find that many people who are thinking about it will want to investigate some facts about bankruptcy, and get some information about the process before they pick up the phone and speak with me.  And certainly, there’s much information and content on this website – and it’s here for just that reason.  But every lay person needs to maintain some perspective when researching, reviewing and digesting information about bankruptcy and the bankruptcy process.  Today, I had a conversation with a client that reminded me to remind you to keep that perspective.

The most important thing to remember is that research should not replace speaking with counsel and getting a full and fair opinion.  Nothing on this site is designed to be legal advice.  As a matter of fact, you’re unlikely to find anything that amounts to legal advice on the internet.

What you will find is information.  But sometimes, that information can lead to overload – and overload and can lead to confusion.  And today I encountered confusion.

I spoke with a client on the phone who “had done a lot of research” about bankruptcy.  He knew and understood terms like the “Means Test” and “Discharge.”  But he did not quite understand how the Means Test worked – or that the Means Test applied in not just Chapter 7, but that a different version of the form (with entirely different consequences) applied in Chapter 13.

He asked what most might think is a rather straightforward question: “In a Chapter 13, how will they determine how much I can afford to pay back?”  The problem with this seemingly straightforward question is that there is no straightforward answer.  There are many variables, including whether you are over the state’s median income, whether you have payments on secured debt and the status of the case law at the time (and because it is ever-evolving, I tend to view the case law as a moving target).  The other problem is that I cannot answer the question in a phone call or a short initial consult meeting.  It requires information, documents, and an assessment of all of the factors at the time of the filing.

The client is already frustrated, and I can understand why.  Struggling to make ends meet, the client is trying to determine what more will be expected of him and his family in the bankruptcy process.  Yet, there is no easy answer I (or for that matter anyone else) can provide.  At least not an honest one.  The fact I could not provide a quick answer only fed that frustration.

I would not think of going to WedMD to learn how to perform a medical procedure on myself.  I don’t call my dentist to explain why my mouth hurts (which is a good thing, because as I recently learned, it wasn’t what I thought it was).  So with that said, please know  I do not recommend using this site, or any others as a substitute for sitting down with a bankruptcy attorney and giving them all of the information they require.  Then, armed with the facts and sound legal counsel, you can then make the best decision to protect your family from the oppressive debt you find yourself struggling with.  After all, that is why you’re calling me.  And that is why you’re researching bankruptcy information on the internet.

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Tell Congress: It’s Now or Never

Tomorrow (February 26) the House will vote on HR 1106, a housing package that includes the judicial modification provision of HR 200. That provision would let homeowners turn to the bankruptcy courts to allow them to modify the mortgages securing their principal residence. Currently, bankruptcy provides no remedy for homeowners who are trying to save their home from foreclosure.

While there are a number of complicated issues affecting our economy, the housing crisis continues to devolve.  The Washington Times reports that there is no relief in sight from foreclosures and the falling home values that help fueling it.  We can encourage Congress to do nothing, while the economy continues a downward spiral. Or we can tell them to pass this bill and give homeowners the chance they deserve in bankruptcy.

House approval is not guaranteed. The American Banks Association and the Financial Services Roundtable have sent letters to house leaders urging that the bankruptcy modification provisions be removed from the “Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009.”  The “buzz” I am hearing is that the lender lobbyists are showing up in “packs” in Member offices urging opposition to the judicial loan modification proposals.  “Packs.”  What the hell are they so scared of that they have to travel in packs?  According to a report from CNN, two-thirds of mortgage servicers have agreed to the foreclosure mitigation plan outlined by the Secretary of the Treasury.

[T]he prospect of a law amending the bankruptcy code to allow judges to dictate new terms on mortgages in the event of an individual filing bankruptcy, was also likely a significant factor in the companies’ willingness to cooperate with the administration’s plans.

The House is working on legislation which would be aimed at helping people in bankruptcy to hang on to their primary residences. It could see bankruptcy judges compelling mortgage-servicing companies to accept new terms on an individual’s mortgage.

Other than Citigroup, other large banks remain opposed to the bankruptcy-law change, arguing that it would lead to borrowers to seek bankruptcy at the first sign of trouble, rather than consider other options that might be more costly.

I don’t buy that – mainly because when I meet with clients, they are the first to tell me that filing bankruptcy is the last thing they wanted to do.   So to the lenders and their servicers, I say this: if the remaining one-third of you do not want bankruptcy judges modifying their loans, modify the loans so that the homeowner doesn’t have to file bankruptcy.  And for those two-thirds who have expressed a willingness to modify the loans, do it.  Let’s cut the crap and just do it.

Will it increase bankruptcy filings?  The Congressional Budget Office says yes.  But they also say that more than 1 million homeowners facing foreclosure could benefit from this legislation.  I view that as 1 million less people who will lose their home if this bill fails.  These people are our neighbors, our friends and our colleagues.

So what can you do?  Contact your member of Congress by phone or fax.

Email your friends and family.  Ask them to contact their congressional representative by phone or fax.

What do you tell them?  Try something like this:

We cannot end the financial crisis without stemming the rising tide of foreclosures. Court-supervised loan modification is an essential component of an effective and comprehensive plan to meet that challenge.  And unlike every other solution being considered in Washington, it comes at no cost to U.S. taxpayers.

If we are successful tomorrow, we move over to the Senate.  If we are not, that is it.  No second chance.  So please don’t wait.  Support HR 1106.

And if you do not support it, I’ll remember.  I’ll remember it when my friend loses her home because she lost her job.  I’ll remember it when my house value plummets because the home next door is vacant and abandoned because the previous owner could not afford the payments.  I’ll remember it on election day.

Ok, so maybe that last bit is a little over the top, but you get my point.  It really is now or never.  And Congress really needs to know this now.

For more thoughts, check out Real Clear Politics:  Let Bankruptcy Courts Change Mortgages

Previous posts on the subject:

The President’s “Plan”

Mortgage Modification Legislation Update: Citigroup Supports the Bill

Keep the Bankruptcy Option On the Table

Changing Chapter 13: Some Facts on the Pandora’s Box

Mortgage Modification Update: Not So Hopeful

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As the Economy Turns…

Today, my Bankruptcy Colleague and fellow-blogger Jonathan Ginsberg wrote about The Psychology of Debt Collection: Avoid the Manipulation.

The Boston Globe reports that the Massachusetts Attorney General has filed a bill to slow down foreclosures. But the legislation would only protect those in “risky” loans. And if people keep losing their jobs, homeowners with “risky” loans will not be the only ones facing the possibility of losing their home.

Meanwhile, in Washington, a bill that would let some homeowners in Chapter 13 modify the mortgage on their principal residence has cleared the House Judiciary Committee.

While homeowners might be getting a break, recent graduates are finding it tougher and tougher to pay off student loans. An opinion piece in the Minneapolis Star Tribune suggests that a good way to stimulate the economy may be to forgive student loan debt.

The Federal Reserve however, seems to have another idea, although I am not convinced it’s a better idea. From CNNMoney.com:

The Federal Reserve is getting ready to launch a new program that should make it easier for consumers to get credit-card and auto loans — though not necessarily at lower interest rates.

Yikes.

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Before Foreclosure Rescue Scammers Start Knocking…

I came across an interesting story (and video) over at CNBC.com: Fraud at your Front Door which discusses foreclosure rescue scam artists who are knocking at the front door of homeowners facing foreclosure. I have met clients who have told me they have been approached by individuals how have been at their doors offering assistance. But there’s no rescue. They’s only a rip-off.

Not only do the homeowners lose money, they lose time to productively work with their lender. I heard a lender attorney recently say that homeowners have told them that “…we paid this person to help us.” But the person is not helping them, and as this CNBC story points out, in many cases, the “helper” doesn’t even contact the lender. In addition to losing valuable time and money, the homeowner may also lose credibility with the lender.

The story recommends that if your lender is unwilling to relax the payments to help you, seek a qualified real estate attorney or non-profit credit counselor. But there are also local mortgage counselors who will help you with a modification request (click here for ESAC located in Boston). And I also think you should not rule out speaking to a bankruptcy attorney so you can discuss your options. Or, I encourage you to contact us if your lender is unwilling to work with you.

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2009: Perchance to Dream

New Years is a time when many make resolutions. Some resolve to quit smoking. Some resolve to lose weight. The list of resolutions is endless. Personally, I think many resolutions are pretty useless. I didn’t stop smoking because of a resolution (but I did quit… a few Novembers ago), and I have not exactly kept up with resolution diets. I’ve been racking my brain trying to come up with something appropriate to write about for New Years. The last thing I want to do, especially today, is sound trite. It’s not like you can simply “resolve” to get out of bad mortgage or you can “resolve” to get a better job when companies are laying off. But then yesterday, I had a surprise visit from an old client who helped my thought process move along.

My client went through a long chapter 13. At times, it was not particularly pleasant. But all plan payments were paid and the discharge was received a few years ago. Now, she’s dedicated to her business and determined to keep make it grow in a difficult economy.

During our brief meeting, I noticed something different. Was it the hair color, I thought? No. Did she have her teeth done? No, not that. Then it dawned on me. It was something more.

She was happy. She was smiling. While she was not a particularly unhappy person while the case was open, I think it’s fair to say the chapter 13 was not a particularly happy period in her life. But now, the chapter 13 case is behind her and yesterday she sat before me smiling, happy, and talking about the future.

As an attorney, while I try to get my client’s perspective, I really can only get so much. I can only put myself so far into a client’s shoes. So I asked her, now that her case is behind her, now that she is moving forward with her life in new directions, what were her feelings about the bankruptcy process now that she was “on the other side of it.”

She didn’t hesitate with her response. (I can’t quote, but I did take a few notes.) She told me that going through that difficult process allowed her to dream again. That now she could dream and that making those dreams a reality again seemed possible. Her dreams were no longer mired down in a chaos created by debt that had spiraled out of control. She told me that she felt freer than she had felt in a very long time.

The minute these words flowed, I could feel a smile growing on my face….and a bit of a lump in my throat. And then, it dawned on me: ‘this is what I’ve been itching to write about for the New Year.’

Many are looking at 2009 with a sense of foreboding and trepidation. World events are not exactly fueling optimism about the future. Perhaps 2009 will not be a year when dreams will come true. Perhaps things may get worse.

Or perhaps in spite of that, you can find a way to knuckle down, stand straight, bite your lower lip, bide your time, and get through a journey that brings you to the other side of it: a side where you can dream once again. I know it may all sound silly, but I know this place exists. Yesterday, I was fortunate to be reminded that for my clients in or facing bankruptcy, there can be a life afterwards. And that life can be wonderous. The only assurance I can give you is that the big smile on my client’s face proves that anything is possible.

With that, I wish you all a very Happy New Year.

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A Holiday Shopping Tip (or Warning)

With Black Friday soon upon us, and the holiday shopping season, I want to get a message out to those folks who are struggling. Perhaps there are folks who know they are going to lose their jobs after the New Year. Perhaps there are folks who have been using credit to get by and now see a bankruptcy petition on the horizon. Perhaps these folks are figuring that they will have one last holiday with really great gifts courtesy of their credit card companies. If you’re reading this, and you’re thinking “wow, he’s totally speaking to me (or about my friend or relative)!” please keep reading.

One thing many consumers do not know is that when you buy “large-ticket” item, it may also come with it a security interest. In other words, that purchase may be a gift, but it may also be collateral. The lender (the store, or the bank that finances the store’s credit cards or credit lines) assumes a security interest. This is something to think about as you’re eyeing that appliance or jewelry. Will it prevent you from filing bankruptcy? Probably not. Will it complicate things? It just might. You may have to pay the debt even if you file bankruptcy or you may have to surrender the collateral. Or you might hear from the creditor months or years after the bankruptcy is over.

Last minute purchases can also get you into hot water. Using a credit card when you have no intention of paying the debt back can be considered fraud. Debts incurred through fraud cannot be discharged. In addition, such actions could be considered bad faith, and might lead to a dismissal or a denial of discharge, depending on the circumstances. What does any of this mean? The short answer is more attorney fees, more anxiety and the possibility that the bankruptcy case will not go as smooth as it otherwise could.

If you’re contemplating bankruptcy, don’t use credit cards for holiday shopping. Speak with an attorney. The last thing any debtor needs is to make a tough situation even worse.

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Changing Chapter 13: Some Facts on the “Pandora’s Box”

There’s been some press about a proposed change to chapter 13 that would permit debtors to modify the mortgages on their primary residence. Yesterday, I attended the briefing at the State House given by Rep. William Delahunt where the need for the legislation was discussed. He has co-sponsored a bill that would modify the anti-modification restrictions imposed by Section 1322(b)(2). Among the presenters were Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley, Secretary of State William Galvin, and Harvard Law Professor Elizabeth Warren.

Currently, a chapter 13 debtor cannot modify the mortgage on their home if the note is secured by the debtor’s primary residence. This does not apply if the debtor has a multi-family dwelling, such as a two-family. This does not apply if the note is secured by the house and other property (although this may vary from state to state). This also does not apply if a debtor has a vacation home or other investment property. It applies only to those chapter 13 debtors who reside in single family homes and who have a mortgage that is secured by that single family home that they use as a primary residence.

Notwithstanding those restrictions, a chapter 13 debtor may “strip off” a second mortgage (or in some cases, a third), if the mortgage is “wholly unsecured.” A simple illustration: if the value of the property is so low that if the property were sold, there would not be funds to pay the second or third mortgage. However, if that second or third mortgage is secured by even a penny, it cannot be stripped off.

The Boston Herald quoted Kevin Cuff, Executive Director of the Massachusetts Mortgage Banks Association:

You’re opening up a Pandora’s box, a precedent to haul every mortgage back into court…Many people who got these loans should not have received them in the first place. Now you go to the courts to modify the sacred contract between homeowner and lender? It’s socialized housing.

I might agree with that position if chapter 13 debtors could not modify their vacation homes or investment properties. I might agree with that if city dwellers who reside in a unit in their multi-family home could not modify their vacation homes. But that’s not the case. The current system has a disparate impact on those chapter 13 debtors who reside in single family homes, and those who do not, and for many, those who do not reside in non-urban/rural areas. It also has a disparate impact on those middle-class debtors who do not have vacation homes or investment properties.

In addition, the legislation is being proposed because voluntary modifications are not happening. It is argued that if there is a “threat” of filing bankruptcy and modifying a mortgage in chapter 13, the lender may be more apt to modify the loan voluntarily so that the homeowner does not need to file chapter 13. It sounds like a good argument, but I honestly cannot say one way or another whether that would be the case. Of course, if the law were passed, then it would be really up to the lender to decide if they wanted to be hauled into court to be forced into a modification. The only way I think any of us can know for sure is if we give it a try. But before anyone makes a decision one way or another on this proposal, I think it’s important to know what the law currently provides, and why I do not think it is necessarily a “Pandora’s box” or “socialized housing.”

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Good Faith and Bad Art

In bankruptcy, good faith is a lot like good art. It is difficult to describe, but you know it when you see it. The same can be said with bad faith. A recent chapter 13 case out of the 9th Circuit illustrates that point.

The debtor filed a chapter 13 case in August 2004. Since chapter 13 is a voluntary proceeding, a debtor has the option of voluntarily dismissing their case at any time. Also, in chapter 13, the debtor is typically in control of assets of the estate. In this debtor’s case, one of the assets was claim that was being arbitrated against an LLC.

The debtor’s plan was met with objections from the trustee as well as creditors. The debtor assured the court that he would use funds obtained in the arbitration to fund the plan. In July 2005, the debtor was awarded approximately $185,000 in the arbitration. That month, the court ordered him to pay that sum to the chapter 13 trustee.

In August, the debtor’s attorney sought permission to withdraw from the case citing a breakdown in the attorney client relationship. At the hearing, the court learned that the debtor had not complied with the prior order from the court by turning the money over to the trustee. The court gave the debtor one hour to deliver the money, or the court was going to convert the case to chapter 7. The debtor did not deliver the money, and on that same day, the debtor filed a “Notice of Dismissal.”

(more…)

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